In order to enter plant tissues, phytopathogens have to surpass physical barriers, then disable the innate immune response to obtain nutrients for propagation, and proceed to complete their infection cycle before disseminating to a new host. Globalization, trade, and climate change, as well as increased vulnerability in production systems due to intense monoculture, have increased transboundary plant pests, threatening food and nutrition security, particularly in Africa, the Near East, and Asia ( FAO, 2017). Estimations point to yield losses of the five major crops (wheat, rice, maize, potato, and soybean) ranging between 17 and 30% of production, depending on the crop and the pathogen ( Savary et al., 2019). The pathogen infections on crops result in significant agronomic losses worldwide. Plant damage caused by other living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses that compromises plant growth is termed biotic stress. Finally, we discuss the complex role of SUMO in plant defense, focusing on key biological and experimental aspects that contribute to some controversial conclusions, and the opportunities for improving agricultural productivity by engineering SUMOylation in crop species. We also provide a catalog of candidate SUMO conjugates according to their role in defense responses. Here, we summarize known pathogenic strategies targeting plant SUMOylation and, the plant SUMO conjugates involved in host-pathogen interactions. During pathogen attack, SUMO not only modulates the activity of plant defense components, but also serves as a target of pathogen effectors, highlighting its broad role in plant immunity. In plants, SUMO regulates multiple biological processes, ranging from development to responses arising from environmental challenges. In this review, we focus on the role of SUMO conjugation (SUMOylation) in plant immunity against fungi, bacteria, and viruses. PTMs allow a highly dynamic and rapid response in front of external challenges, increasing the complexity and precision of cellular responses. In recent years, post-translational modification (PTM) mechanisms have emerged as key players in plant defense against pathogens. In order to enter plant tissues and establish a successful infection, phytopathogens have to surpass several physical, and chemical defense barriers. In crops, pathogen infections result in significant agronomical losses worldwide posing a threat to food security. Plants are constantly confronted by a multitude of biotic stresses involving a myriad of pathogens.
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